The evolution of medical reasoning is deeply intertwined with philosophical thought, beginning with Aristotle’s foundational work in deductive logic. Aristotle’s principles significantly influenced early medical practice, shaping the works of Galen and Avicenna, who made empirical observations that expanded clinical knowledge. During the Enlightenment, both inductive reasoning, as advocated by Francis Bacon, and deductive methods, as stressed by René Descartes, significantly advanced medical reasoning. These approaches proved insufficient when it came to handling uncertainty and variability in medical outcomes. Nineteenth-century figures (...) like William Osler advanced a probabilistic understanding of medicine. Karl Popper’s 20th-century hypothetico-deductive method, which introduced the concept of falsifiability and transformed scientific inquiry into a rigorous process of hypothesis testing, is a fundamental aspect of evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM emerged as the dominant paradigm, combining empirical research, clinical expertise, and statistical inference to guide medical decisions. Looking forward, Bayesian reasoning offers a further refinement in medical reasoning. By incorporating prior knowledge and continuously updating probabilities with new evidence, Bayesianism addresses the limitations of frequentist methods and offers a more dynamic and adaptable framework for clinical decision making. As medical reasoning evolves, understanding this philosophical lineage is essential to navigating the future of patient care, where evidence must be both rigorously tested and individually tailored. (shrink)

The idea that natural languages shape the way we think in different ways was popularized by Benjamin Whorf, but then fell out of favor for lack of empirical support. But now, a new wave of research has been shifting the tide back toward linguistic relativity. The recent research can be interpreted in different ways, some trivial, some implausibly radical, and some both plausible and interesting. We introduce two theses that would have important implications if true: Habitual Whorfianism and Ontological Whorfianism. (...) We argue that these offer the most promising interpretations of the emerging evidence. (shrink)

Despite the numerous benefits associated with forgiveness, many individuals find it difficult to forgive. This is especially true in organizations, where forgiveness is rare and can be under-valued. Across two studies, we explore how to facilitate forgiveness within organizational contexts and in the aftermath of workplace unfairness. We examine whether individuals can reduce the “injustice gap” that can be created by violations and enhance forgiveness through expressive writing interventions—guided writing techniques that can be self-administered. Participants wrote about their reactions to (...) a fictional scenario or an actual workplace experience. Results indicate that expressive writing was associated with higher reported perceived resolution. Whereas negative emotions mediated this relationship in Study 1, positive emotions and perceived injustice mediated this relationship in Study 2. Perceived resolution also mediated the relationship between expressive writing and forgiveness. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

Drawing on the interactionist perspective of innovation and on the sustainable ethical strength framework, the present research examines the moderating role of supervisors’ moral courage to go beyond compliance in the relationships between teamwork quality, team creativity, and team idea implementation. Two field studies, using multi-source and multi-wave data, indicated that teamwork quality was positively related to team idea implementation via team creativity, particularly when team supervisors revealed moral courage to go beyond compliance. When supervisors lacked such courage, teams struggled (...) to develop creative ideas and to implement them. Robustness checks and tests of alternative theoretical explanations indicated that our model and findings are robust. From a theoretical perspective, our findings indicate that, due to its empowering and promotion focused orientation, supervisors’ courage to go beyond compliance has relevance for the teamwork and team innovation domains, playing an important moderating role in defining whether quality teamwork leads to enhanced team creativity and team idea implementation. (shrink)

Este artículo es una tentativa de análisis de las influencias e intereses que marcaron la juventud de Manuel Sacristán. Se examinan las particularidades de este autor en sus años de formación, desde sus aportaciones en Laye , pasando por sus cuestionamientos filosóficos y políticos juveniles, hasta sus estudios de especialización en lógica simbólica y la posterior entrada en el PSUC-PCE en la clandestinidad. Este periplo, que recoge la etapa de cambio ideológico de Sacristán, es abordado, siguiendo a Bachelard y a (...) Bourdieu, como “un caso particular de lo posible” que busca construir un programa de investigación que examine las relaciones entre campo filosófico y campo político durante el franquismo. (shrink)

How are individuals affected by their own self-interested unethical behavior? Although self-interested unethical behavior commonly occurs as people attempt to advantage themselves, we argue that this unethical behavior can have deleterious implications for individuals and their social relationships. We propose that engaging in self-interested unethical behavior is positively related to state paranoia—an aversive psychological state. In turn, the social cognitive biases underlying state paranoia can prompt people to misjudge the potential for social threat. This may motivate them to curtail coworker-directed (...) affiliative behavior, thereby inadvertently undermining their social relationships. Our predictions were supported across four studies, including a behavioral study in a controlled environment, a recall study, a field survey in a single organization, and a two-wave survey. Theoretical and practical implications include highlighting the importance of understanding the personal and social consequences of self-interested unethical behavior as well as the impact of state paranoia in the workplace. (shrink)

Diversas evidencias parecen indicar que, durante la comprensión oral, el procesamiento del habla se realiza a partir de la información verbal auditiva y de la información viso-gestual proveniente del interlocutor. En este marco, se evaluó el tiempo y la precisión de respuestas de sujetos oyentes en una tarea de lectura labial con el patrón acústico suprimido. En ella, 25 participantes adultos, sin diagnóstico de patologías lingüísticas o cognitivas ni discapacidad auditiva o visual, debían distinguir si estaban frente a una palabra (...) del español a partir de la visualización de su articulación. Para la tarea se construyeron 240 estímulos, divididos en tres grupos de 80 ‘Palabras’ del español, 80 ‘Pseudopalabras’ del español y 80 ‘No-Palabras’, presentados en forma aleatoria. Los resultados respecto del tiempo de respuesta indicaron que las ‘Palabras’ (m=717,6ms) se reconocen con una velocidad menor que las ‘Pseudopalabras’ (m=809,5ms) y las ‘No-Palabras’ (7633,7ms); mientras que las ‘Pseudopalabras’ demoraron más en ser respondidas que las ‘No-Palabras’. Por su parte, en los resultados de precisión los estímulos presentaron el siguiente patrón de reconocimiento: ‘Palabras’<‘Pseudopalabras’<‘No-Palabras’ (correspondientes a un 59,89%, 62,5% y 86,3%, respectivamente). Del mismo modo, se encontró evidencia robusta de la relación entre el tipo de estímulo presentado y el acierto/desacierto de las respuestas, aunque el modelo indica que la condición ‘No-Palabra’ es reconocida con mayor facilidad y que la diferencia entre ‘Palabras’ y las ‘Pseudopalabras’ no es relevante. Asimismo, se observó una relación entre la menor velocidad y el desacierto en las respuestas. Estos datos corroboran la hipótesis de la integración de información proveniente de la percepción visual y el procesamiento del lenguaje, al mismo tiempo que permiten proyectar trabajos futuros con evidencias electrofisiológicas. (shrink)

Reflete-se sobre como a produção de vídeos envolvendo problemáticas do cotidiano pode contribuir para ler o mundo por meio dos conhecimentos matemáticos aprendidos em sala de aula. Os participantes foram 15 licenciandos/as em Matemática da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, integrantes do Programa de Residência Pedagógica, em Morrinhos (GO). As reuniões com os/as licenciandos/as ocorreram semanalmente, cada uma com 1 hora e 30 minutos de duração. Nelas foram discutidos textos sobre Educação e Educação Matemática. Paralelamente à discussão dos textos, debateu-se possibilidades (...) para a produção de vídeos considerando os/as estudantes, da educação básica, como sujeitos produtores de conhecimento. Visando à produção de vídeos, em um primeiro momento foi apresentado aos/às residentes pedagógicos/as vídeos sobre possíveis situações problemáticas do cotidiano analisadas pela perspectiva da matemática e oferecidas orientações acerca da escolha da temática, da preparação de roteiros, da captação de áudio e vídeo e da edição. Foram produzidos 15 vídeos pelos/as estagiários/as e residentes pedagógicos cujos títulos foram: Covid-19; Bebida alcoólica; Universo LGBT+; Deficiência visual; Esgoto no Brasil; Agropecuária/Agronegócio; Endividamento de famílias brasileiras; Mapa da Fome; Trânsito; Jogos Digitais, Consumo de energia; Educação Financeira; Segurança do Trabalho. Cada um dos títulos supracitados contém uma sequência de 03 vídeos. Após realizarem as produções, professores formadores e acadêmicos/as discutiram sobre aprendizagens para a produção de vídeos e como ela pode contribuir com um envolvimento de estudantes em aulas de matemática. Produzir e orientar a produção desses vídeos contribuiu com a formação de professores de matemática com outras compreensões acerca dos papeis de professor e alunos na sala de aula. O processo de produzir e orientar na produção de vídeos viabilizou reflexões sobre diferentes problemáticas da vida das pessoas analisadas à luz da matemática. As orientações dos professores formadores aos acadêmicos e dos acadêmicos aos alunos da escola foram fundamentais para: escolher uma problemática, ou um assunto específico; destacar a relevância de levantar diversas fontes para a compreensão do objeto de estudos; produzir vídeos com melhor qualidade; refletir criticamente sobre problemáticas do cotidiano pela perspectiva da matemática. (shrink)

El autor del presente libro, Alejandro Estrella González, es profesor en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana de México. El libro que reseñamos es fruto de su trabajo de investigación doctoral, trabajo que realizó en la Universidad de Cádiz. Desde su tesis hasta la publicación de este libro Alejandro Estrella se ha especializado en la temática de la historia intelectual.

Purpose This paper reviews the origins of the Ethics Council of the Federation of Social Communication Media of Chile and looks into the historical circumstances surrounding its creation, the concept of self-regulation as understood by its founders, and the criteria that initially ruled its operation. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative survey of nine contemporary witnesses and the confrontation with the scientific literature. Findings The results reveal a significant coincidence with the academic literature both in the description of the concept of self-regulation and (...) in the origin of the ethics councils and of the system under which they operate. However, a series of nuances not usually considered in the concept of self-regulation are described. Originality/value This study will help assess the national and international possibilities of self-regulation and the significance of the Chilean ethics council. (shrink)

Background Infertility is an increasingly prevalent disease in society and is considered by the World Health Organization to be a public health problem. An important ethical issue arises from the clarification of reproductive rights in a fair and equal way. The objective of this study was to deepen and update the knowledge and discussion about the difficulty of accessing infertility treatments in Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was carried out through the application of an online questionnaire that collected the (...) socioeconomic characteristics of couples and identify how barriers to infertility care affect the most vulnerable populations. We included couples who sought medical assistance to achieve pregnancy at two clinics in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Results A total of 201 questionnaires were analyzed. Most couples self-declared as white and the average age of wives was 36 years and husbands 38 years. 65% (65%) of couples would proceed with the treatment in a different city to which they lived, 37% evaluated as having easy access to a medical specialist only after indication, and more than half of the participating have thought about giving up the treatment due to some difficulty in accessing it. 39% of participants sought more than one medical service to find better reception, 42% of couples sought more than one medical service to define where it would be better financially, and 67.2% referred to the high cost of treatments, that is, financial issues, as a great difficulty in accessing medical services and/or treatment. Although 72.6% of couples considered having a good quality of life, 54.2% admitted that infertility and the search for treatment generated anxiety/stress in the couple’s life. Conclusion There is a need for public education on reproductive health and for policymakers to raise awareness of the importance of the difficulty that many couples face in seeking treatment to become pregnant, especially in countries with less financial resources. Indeed, it is commonly accepted that there is a universal human right to access healthcare of appropriate quality as a matter of justice. Discussion of access to reproductive technologies should be considered taking into account the longstanding ethical debate regarding fertility, fecundity, and infertility, as well as reproductive care. (shrink)

Though advertising is a massive and global mechanism of communication, regionally it might provide possibilities to explore constructions of past perspectives of particular communities. Thus, the article considers advertising as evidence of collective memory and as part of the ‘realms of memory’, as understood by Pierre Nora and Jacques Le Goff. It, then, analyzes the advertising campaign for Pilsen made by the local painter Humberto Chaves, which was published in the newspaper El Colombiano during the 1940s. It is possible to (...) consider advertising within the realms of memory because it is a material entity that becomes part of the heritage of a community, revealing customs, ways of being and acting, and ways of understanding reality and everyday life. Therefore, the article explores, first, the geographic, advertising, and theoretical-conceptual context. Then, it selects and identifies the advertisements from a collection of the primary source. Finally, through analyzing the selected advertisements, it concludes that both the graphic and textual languages, and both the discourses of advertising and graphic design are social, cultural, political, and economical elements that reveal an identity, a cultural ethos, and a regional collective memory. (shrink)

Se estudia la vida y espiritualidad de la Abadesa del Convento de la Concepción de Lebrija doña Francisca de Vera discípula del visionario, profético, milenarista Gómez Camacho inspirador de la sevillana y heterodoxa Congregación de la Granada y maestra y condiscípula al mismo tiempo de Rodrigo Álvarez S.I., confesor de Santa Teresa de Jesús, quien transmitió a Sevilla esta espiritualidad milenarista y cuyos miembros jugarán un papel fundamental para la difusión masiva de la pía creencia en la Inmaculada Concepción (...) de la Virgen María. Francisca de Vera escribió dos tratados sobre la oración que se conservan manuscritos. (shrink)

We speculate with Hegel about language, critiquing interpretations of Hegel’s views on language given by Jim Vernon, John McCumber, Stephen Houlgate, and Michael N. Forster, as well as defending Sophisticated Radical Whorfianism from the objections of Maria Francisca Reines and Jesse Prinz. Prior to discussing Forster, we explicate Hegel’s views on mechanical memory. We conclude by discussing why, although thought grows up, it does not move out.

Ginés Navarro Carrillo, Ana María Beltrán Morillas, Inmaculada Valor Segura y Francisca Expósito Dept. de Psicología Social, Universidad de Granada, … Read More →.

The study is designed to examine the perceptions of Chinese executives of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to explore possible strategies by which well-established foreign multinational enterprises can carry out their CSR in China. The interviewees’ interpretation of CSR is found to be oriented toward internal operations of the Chinese subsidiaries and economic responsibility. Many interviewees have the classical view of CSR, while headquarters has the modern view. The main problems of implementing CSR are: specific Chinese business culture, intellectual property (...) rights, internal due process, and insufficient Chinese government support. It is recommended that socialization of Chinese executives about CSR be accomplished through personnel transfer among various functional areas in the corporate system, the development of a just organizational culture in the Chinese subsidiaries, and collaboration with external partnersthat advocate CSR. (shrink)

Negli anni di passaggio dal XII al XIII secolo, il cisterciense Garnerio di Rochefort si dedica alla composizione di un breve trattato, il _De contrarietatibus in Sacra Scriptura_. L’opera, tuttora inedita, fa ricorso all’uso delle arti sermocinali per risolvere le ambiguità scritturali. Nel prologo del _De contrarietatibus_ emerge un peculiare interesse del cisterciense verso la disciplina della retorica e, in particolare, verso l’impiego delle figure tropiche nella comprensione dei contenuti della Rivelazione. A ben vedere, tuttavia, la scelta garneriana di ricorrere (...) all’affinamento degli strumenti della retorica per illuminare il significato della Scrittura trova una piena giustificazione solo alla luce della sua concezione della _natura_ e della _Scriptura_ come teofanie e/o simboli. Ora in quest’orizzonte simbolico, di impianto neoplatonico-dionisiano, è sempre all’opera nelle _res_, così come nel linguaggio, un meccanismo di traslazione, un’estensione della parola, oltre il suo contenuto ordinario, a un significato altro, di natura spirituale. Dunque la fattura retorica delle espressioni bibliche assume un valore conoscitivo, e non semplicemente ornamentale, perché capace di palesare, attraverso un dialettico gioco di corrispondenze e/o di rotture, una proporzionalità analogica tra il visibile e l’invisibile. _In the intervening years between the XII and XIII centuries, Cistercian Garnerius of Rochefort devoted himself to the composition of a short treatise,_ De contrarietatibus in Sacra Scriptura._ The work, still unpublished, makes use of the sermocinal arts to resolve scriptural ambiguities. The prologue to _De contrarietatibus _reveals a peculiar interest of the Cistercian in the discipline of rhetoric and, in particular, in the use of tropes in understanding the contents of Revelation. On closer inspection, however, garnerian’s choice to resort to the refinement of the tools of rhetoric to illuminate the meaning of Scripture finds full justification only in light of his conception of_ natura _and_ Scriptura_ as theophanies and/or symbols. Now in this symbolic horizon, of Neo-Platonic-Dionysian framework, there is always at work in _res_, as well as in language, a mechanism of translation, an extension of the word, beyond its ordinary content, to another meaning of a spiritual nature. So the rhetorical workmanship of biblical expressions assumes a cognitive, and not merely ornamental, value because it is capable of manifesting, through a dialectical interplay of correspondences and/or ruptures, an analogical proportionality between the visible and the invisible. _. (shrink)

Can an emotion be unconscious? The aim of this paper is to answer this difficult question. Is it possible for an emotion to be a fully lived experience and at the same time remain unknown to the subject? Or, in clearer terms, how can one have a feeling without actually feeling it? At first sight, it seems impossible to imagine the existence of unconscious emotions. If, unlike ideas and other cognitive experiences, the essence of an emotion does not lie in (...) its content but in the way it is experienced, in “the way it feels like,” then the expression “unconscious emotions” itself seems to be a contradiction. However, if we place ourselves from the point of view of the psychoanalytical theory of the unconscious, this statement creates a problem. Most of the unconscious processes revealed in the course of an analysis have strong emotional connotations. A phenomenology of emotions cannot ignore the results and theories brought forth by Freud and his psychoanalysis, whose most important discoveries concern emotions and their impact on the rest of the psychological life of the subject. If unconscious emotions question the limits of phenomenology, my aim in this paper is to show the way phenomenology can take in order to push these limits further. I will start by explaining the way phenomenology traditionally conceives emotions and their relation to other mental phenomena, using mainly Brentano and Husserl’s view on emotions. However, I will show further that there is a way that allows us to conceive the possibility of emotions that do not belong to consciousness. It is the way of a dynamic phenomenology, inspired by the works of Theodor Lipps, which constitute the main philosophical reference in the works of Sigmund Freud. (shrink)

The work is an analisis different ways occurrence of autobiography in poetic literary the priest, Jan Twardowski. Apart from remembrance formulation and repetitions some themes considers stylizing formulations, a part of titles, dedications and aphorisms. It is important what is the attitude of the receiver who looks for truth and authenticity in poetry.

Em 1732, em peregrinação à sagrada Casa de Loreto, na Itália, Antônio Dias Quaresma (16811756), natural de Salvador, deixou-se entrar em pensamentos de ser pontífice. Andarilho e leitor compulsivo, meteu-se muito cedo no universo dos livros ascéticos e místicos e passou a cogitar, a partir das suas próprias perscrutações, uma saída para regenerar a cristandade. Em si reverberam ideias ancianas, alimentadas ao longo dos séculos, conjugadas a projetos políticos que visavam dignificar a nova geografia descoberta, a exemplo da transferência da (...) corte para o Brasil, proposta por seu patrício Frei Vicente do Salvador, na sua Historia do Brazil (c. 1630). O artigo pretende, dessa forma, estabelecer e resgatar os possíveis caminhos da passagem da ideia de transferência da corte para Salvador para a de um papa baiano e o lugar cimeiro que o Novo Mundo adquire como geografia de regeneração. (shrink)

Qu’est-ce qu’une sculpture scientifique? Étienne-Jules Marey apporte une réponse originale avec une pièce en bronze, Le Vol du goéland. L’objet est célèbre et fait partie des images qui ont révolutionné la représentation du mouvement à l’aube du xx e siècle. La « forme du mouvement » dont il rend compte est pour Marey une donnée scientifique, obtenue à partir des résultats de la chronophotographie sur plaque fixe. Entre art et science, son statut est néanmoins ambigu : non seulement parce que (...) cette représentation introduit une dialectique entre la notion de forme « unique » et de série d’images, mais aussi parce qu’elle fait jouer la dimension esthétique au cœur de l’expérience scientifique. (shrink)

Leven en werk van de Deense wijsgeer Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855).

This article discusses pragmatic aspects of our interpretation of intensional constructions like questions and prepositional attitude reports. In the first part, it argues that our evaluation of these constructions may vary relative to the identification methods operative in the context of use. This insight is then given a precise formalization in a possible world semantics. In the second part, an account of actual evaluations of questions and attitudes is proposed in the framework of bi-directional optimality theory. Pragmatic meaning selections are (...) explained as the result of specific rankings of potentially conflicting generation and interpretation constraints. (shrink)

Kant has often been criticized for holding a very negative vision of women, according to which they are less rational and less morally valuable than men. In this paper, I shall argue quite the opposite. I will show that, in spite of some minor pejorative comments, Kant held that women fit better the ideal of a moral person than men. This is due to some qualities of the female sex, mainly the women capacity for self-control and the capacity for having (...) moral feelings like sympathy and compassion. Moreover, women show their master of emotions and passions when they are able to use their emotional sensitivity and self-control to master thefeelings and passions of men. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza tres conceptos relacionados entre sí: la identidad, la nación y el concepto de frontera. Esto implica reconocer que la identidad, la nación y la frontera son unidades específicas de análisis y objetos de estudio en ciencias sociales. De este modo, se revisan distintas aportaciones teóricas con el objetivo de fundamentar una perspectiva coherente alrededor de estos tres conceptos, así como de las relaciones entre ellos. Se analiza, en primer lugar, el concepto de nación y su influencia bidireccional (...) con el concepto de identidad, y en segundo lugar, las condiciones históricas y actuales de los Estados-nacionales haciendo mención al caso mexicano. Nos parece que las actuales circunstancias sociales, culturales y políticas explican la emergencia de la identidad como objeto de análisis en ciencias sociales. (shrink)

Equimetrical translation of verse, which conveys the metre of the source text, should be distinguished from equiprosodic translation of verse, which conveys theversification system of the source text. Equiprosodic translation of verse can rely on the possibilities of natural language (for instance, when presumably Publius Baebius Italicus created the Ilias Latina, he made use of the quantitative structure in Latin), but it can also employ an artificial system (cf., for example, the quantitative verse in Church Slavonic or English). The Estonian (...) language makes it possible to convey the syllabic (based on the number of syllables), accentual (based on the number and configuration of accents) and quantitative (based on the configuration of durations) versification systems. In practice, combined types are most frequent, for instance, the ones in which both the syllable count and the configuration of accents is relevant; in Estonian, versification systems with theparticipation of all three principles are possible as well. Despite the contrast of quantity in Estonian, the transmission of the quantitative structure of ancient metrics still involves a number of difficulties which result from differences in the prosodic structures. The transmission of purely syllabic versification system has also been problematic: it is hard to perceive such structure as verse in Estonian and therefore it has often been conveyed with the help of different syllabic-accentual or accentual-syllabic verse metres. Although equiprosodic translation is not necessarily equimetrical, in actual translation practice it usually is so. (shrink)

Ever since we first came across it, art has allowed us to see a sight enriched with the impression of entering a territory of our own. From its very beginning, art is the visible expression of the passages between images, the making visible of its own laws, its analogies and affinities. Walter Benjamin already shed light on the “auratic” value of such transformations, and while he is known for stating that photography causes a degradation of the aura, it is no (...) less true, though less known, that that loss is redeemed by the aura photography carries in itself. Image’s secret, its potency and splendour, lies precisely in that distance between image and thing, between word and thing. In photography – as a medium inheriting water’s and mirror’s powers of reflection – the leaning over one’s own reflection is ‘magically’ reinstated. (shrink)

Tras su consagración como filósofa de referencia en cuestiones de ética, epistemología social, filosofía feminista y filosofía política, la obra cumbre de Miranda Fricker, _Injusticia epistémica, _ha sido traducida al castellano y publicada por Herder. Doctora en Filosofía por la Universidad de Oxford, Fricker ya había publicado anteriormente, junto con Jennifer Hornsby, _The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy _, así como recientemente _The Epistemic Life of Groups: Essays in the Epistemology of Collectives _junto con Michael S. Brady. En la (...) obra que aquí nos ocupa, la autora explora dos tipos de injusticias específicamente epistémicas: la testimonial y la hermenéutica. Mientras que la primera se produce cuando los prejuicios llevan a un oyente a disminuir la credibilidad de los juicios de un emisor, no en un instante de exclusión accidental sino de forma estructural-sistemática, la segunda se corresponde con una fase anterior en la que una falta en los recursos de interpretación colectivos dificulta a un sujeto la comprensión de sus propias experiencias. (shrink)